دروس في قواعد اللغة الأنجليزية ( شامل )2

Reported speech (Direct @ Indirect)

[align=left]Direct speech: The actual words of the speaker.
Indirect speech: Reporting the speaker's words with certain changes.

Reporting verb= said or told

# there is kinds of direct speech:
1- Statement 2- Question 3- Command

1. Statement: to change a statement from direct into indirect;
A: Omit the comma and the inverted commas.
B: Use (that) as a conjunction.
C: If the reporting verb is in the present, present perfect, present
continues or future, the only changes are in the pronouns (not the
tense).

Ex:
They say," We shall finish our work tomorrow".
They say that they shall finish their work tomorrow.
He says," I am going to visit my uncle today".
He says that he is going to visit his uncle today.
if the reporting verb is in the past, make the following changes


1- The present becomes past.

Lela said," I live in that house" Lela said that she lived in that house.

2- The past becomes past perfect.
"I went to the cinema yesterday" he said to me.
He told me that he had gone to the cinema the day before.

Note that: (would, should, could......are not change

Ex: "I would do it if I could" he said. He said he would do it if he could

3- The past continues becomes past perfect continues.
Was @ were + v.ing had been + v.ing

The man said," I was repairing my car last week".
The man said that he had been repairing his car the week before.